10.1 History and Prehistory

10.1 History and Prehistory

10.1 History and Prehistory

Number of replies: 114

In this lesson we'll learn a bit about historical evidences how life began... what are the evidences we have? Through writing and many other things. How, you may ask? Watch:



If you can't watch it, follow this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ObGarwy5Jss


Reflection: How do you think writing helps in knowing history? Give at least 2 or 3 substantial reasons from history. You won't be marked, if you give general response to get done with this task.

Peer-reviewed: Review at least 2 or 3 learners work and give them feedback in the form of either agreeing with them or disagreeing with them If you disagree, give at least 2 or 3 reasons, why you disagree. And if you agree, then again support your argument with 2 or 3 evidences from history.
 

Grade: Competent or Not yet competent. 

NOTE: This is graded activity based on competencies and peer-reviewed activity. Your attendance is based on whether you are leaving a comment here or not and your score is based on answering the questions.



If any confusion, you can ask me here or email: palwasha.eng@um.uob.edu.pk



In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Waqas Ahmed s/d/o Akhtar Muhammad -
Good historical writing is analytical, precise, accurate and interesting. Once they have completed their research, the best historians are able to construct a compelling narrative that makes sense of the evidence they have gathered without forcing the facts to fit into a predetermined analytical structure. The hardest part of this process is deciding what to include and what to leave out, because there is usually far too much evidence and not nearly enough space on the page (or in the book).

When we come to know what kind of people had been in this world and which kind of culture, behavior and societies they have passed here so we study anthropology . anthropology is basically the scientific study of humans, human behavior and societies in the past and present. Social anthropology studies patterns of behaviour and cultural anthropology studies cultural meaning, including norms and values. Linguistic anthropology studies how language influences social life. So we know that writing is helping us to know the history.
In reply to Waqas Ahmed s/d/o Akhtar Muhammad

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by M Furqan s/d/o Jan mohammad -
Well nicely composed brother.
can you kindly explain Which kind of researchers did they have?
In reply to M Furqan s/d/o Jan mohammad

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Mir Ahmed s/d/o Abdullah -
Replying behalf of Waqas Ahmed
M. Furqan
Bro
Uopn human civilization
Behaviour,mood,emotion
Etc
First human being declared
In reply to Waqas Ahmed s/d/o Akhtar Muhammad

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Nabeeha ilyas s/d/o Muhammad ilyas -
Waqas Ahmed !
How historical writing can be analytical? Please share
In reply to Nabeeha ilyas s/d/o Muhammad ilyas

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Mir Ahmed s/d/o Abdullah -
Replying behalf of waqas ahmed
Miss nabeeha ilays
analytical history paper is to provide an argument that proves a specific thesis. This argument should demonstrate insight by employing primary and secondary sources to prove the essay's basic claim. The success of an analytical history paper rests on the author's ability to present information in a clear and concise manner so that the reader may easily follow the analysis.
In reply to Waqas Ahmed s/d/o Akhtar Muhammad

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Amna Jabeen s/d/o Zaheer Ahmed -
You said that predetermined analytical structure so can u explain this word? I am little bit confused about this
In reply to Amna Jabeen s/d/o Zaheer Ahmed

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Mir Ahmed s/d/o Abdullah -
Replying behalf of waqas
determined in advance by divine will or fate; predestined.
Miss amna jabeen
In reply to Waqas Ahmed s/d/o Akhtar Muhammad

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Saif Ud Din s/d/o Mehrab Ud Din -
Waqas Ahmed .
I believe, Mam has asked for some reason that how writing helps in knowing history. But you not mentioned.
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Fiza Mengal s/d/o Jaffer khan Mengal -
This is a good video of knowing about writing.Writing is both an essential part of the learning process and one of the most important ways that historians communicate their ideas and conclusions to one another.Writing history gives you the chance to render your opinion. Since the interpretation of history is always subjective, writing allows you to persuade the reader of your argument.Writing is the primary basis upon which one's work, learning, and intellect will be judged—in college, in the work place and in the community. Writing equips us with communication and thinking skills. Writing expresses who we are as people. Writing makes our thinking and learning visible and permanent.
What Is History?
Most people believe that history is a "collection of facts about the past." This is reinforced through the use of textbooks used in teaching history. They are written as though they are collections of information. In fact, history is NOT a "collection of facts about the past." History consists of making arguments about what happened in the past on the basis of what people recorded (in written documents, cultural artifacts, or oral traditions) at the time. Historians often disagree over what "the facts" are as well as over how they should be interpreted. The problem is complicated for major events that produce "winners" and "losers," since we are more likely to have sources written by the "winners," designed to show why they were heroic in their victories.
The evolutionary history of life on Earth traces the processes by which living and fossil organisms evolved, from the earliest emergence of life to the present. ... The similarities among all known present-day species indicate that they have diverged through the process of evolution from a common ancestor.
The earliest known life-forms on Earth are putative fossilized microorganisms, found in hydrothermal vent precipitates, that may have lived as early as 4.28 billion years ago, relatively soon after the oceans formed 4.41 billion years ago, and not long after the formation of the Earth 4.54 billion years ago.
In reply to Fiza Mengal s/d/o Jaffer khan Mengal

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Mir Ahmed s/d/o Abdullah -

Miss FiZA Mengal


I need aprove you mentioned
Things but their names are mssing
Give brief before 4.28 billion years ago
As i mentioned
That
Limestone Kish tablet from Sumer with pictographic writing; may be the earliest known writing, 3500 BC.
Limestone Kish tablet from Sumer with pictographic writing; may be the earliest known writing, 3500 BC.
Mesoamerica
Mesoamerican writing systems
A stone slab with 3,000-year-old writing, the Cascajal Block, was discovered in the Mexican state of Veracruz, and is an example of the oldest script in the Western Hemisphere, preceding the oldest Zapotec writing dated to about 500 BC.
Mesopotamia (between 3400 and 3100 BC), Egypt (around 3250 BC), China (2000 BC)and lowland Mesoamerica (by 650 BC).
In reply to Fiza Mengal s/d/o Jaffer khan Mengal

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by syed kaleem ullah s/d/o syed niamat ullah -
yes fizza u explained well.
its a good information from George mason university.
some of the points may be irrelevant but that will not be count because relevant section is more powerful.
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Razarabbani s/d/o Fazel Mohammad -
Thanks ma'am
It was an amazing vedio historical writting is precise and interesting.historical have completed their research.the best researcher are able to construct compelling narrative.so we have many books of history that how our began and how the human being start their life on Earth .when we know what kind of people had been in this world and which kind of culture behavior and society they ha

Have passed here so we can
Study anthropology.anthporolly is basically scientific study of human.
And how human behave in their society at past and present.
So we can know that writting is helping to us to know the history.
In reply to Razarabbani s/d/o Fazel Mohammad

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Izzat Ullah s/d/o Aulia Khan -
yes i totally agree of you but can you give any example through which we can say yes writing helps in knowing history because in your comment you are just agreeing from the mam not giving example so please give us example so that we can improve and gain some knowledge from you
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Muhammad Luqman kasi s/d/o Muhammad asghar kasi -
This video is very helpful to know about the history, prehistory, historical writing and the secret about how life begin.

First of all i would like to share that what i learned.

History:
History is the study of the past. Events accurring before the invention of writing system are considered as prehistory. History is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization and interpretation of information about these events.

Prehistory:
Human prehistory is the period between the use of first stone tools. 3.3 million years ago by hominids and the invention of writing system. The use of symbols, marks and images appears very earily among human, but the earliest known writing system appeared 5,300 uears ago and it took thousands of years for writing system to be widely adopted. In some human cultures, writing systems were not used untill the 19th century and in a few, not even until present. The end of prehistory therefore came at very different dates and different places, and the term is less often used in discussing societies where prehistory ended relatively recently.

Historical writing:
Historical writing(historiography) is the writing of history, especially the writing based on the critical examination of sources, the rhe selection of particulars from the authentic materials, and the synthesis of particulars into a narrative that will stand the test of critical method.

The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources nd other evidence to research and then write history.
Primary sources are first hand evidence of history ( usually written, but sometimes captured on the mediums) made at the time of an event by a present person.

At last
The secret about how life begin ?

 There can hardly be a bigger question for much of human history,almost every one believed some version of " God did it ". Any other explanation was inconceivable.
That is no longer true. Over the last century, a few scientists have tried to figure out how the first life might have sprung up. They have even tried to recreate this Genesis moment in their labs, to create brand-new life from scratch.

So far no body has managed it but we have come a very long way. Today, many of the scientists studying the origin of life are confident that they are on the right track and they have the experience to backup their confidence.
The endeavour to understand life's beginning has sent men and women to the furthest corners of our planet. 
Some of scientists involved have been bedevilled as monsters, while others had to do their work under the heel of brutal totalitarian governments.
This is the story of life on earth.
Life is old. The dinosaurs are perhaps the most famous extinct creatures, and they had their beginnings 250 million years ago.
The oldest known fossils are around 3.5 billion years old. 14 times the age of the oldest dinosaurs .

The earth itself is not so much older, having formed 4.5 billion years ago.

Since the 19th century, biologists have known taht all living thongs are made of " cells ". Tiny bags of living matter taht come in different shapes and sizes. Cells were first discovered in 17th century. When the first modern microscopes were invented, but it took well over a century for anyone to realise that they were the basis of all life .
In reply to Muhammad Luqman kasi s/d/o Muhammad asghar kasi

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Izzat Ullah s/d/o Aulia Khan -
i don't agree i don't think so that dinosaurs ever excited on the earth because there are not any solid proof from which we can say that dinosaurs had excited on the earth if you have any proof or information so kindly share with me so that i can agree with you
In reply to Izzat Ullah s/d/o Aulia Khan

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Palwasha Khan Jogezai -
Izzatullah, thank you for participating, but you are also expected to provide proof of your belief. As the task is that when you agree/disagree, do so with evidence.
In reply to Izzat Ullah s/d/o Aulia Khan

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Fiza Mengal s/d/o Jaffer khan Mengal -
Well izzatullah Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria. They first appeared during the Triassic period, between 243 and 233.23 million years ago, although the exact origin and timing of the evolution of dinosaurs is the subject of active research. So the scientists have also discovered the fossil and skeletons of them.
In reply to Izzat Ullah s/d/o Aulia Khan

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan -
Dear Izzat ,,,

As per your logic the dinosaurs didn't exist...
But I want to argue that dinosaurs existed the scientists have discovered there fossils and bones ... if you don't believe that so from where the fossils came or discovered...

I am sending you a beautiful documentary on WhatsApp just watch it with full attention...
In reply to Izzat Ullah s/d/o Aulia Khan

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Muhammad Luqman kasi s/d/o Muhammad asghar kasi -
Izzatullah,
The primary evidence of the existence of dinosaurs can be seen by the bones (fossils) that were found by scientists. Most of the fossils were found in badlands and deserts of China, North America and Argentina. By the studies of those fossils, more than thousands of dinosaur species are identified.
In reply to Muhammad Luqman kasi s/d/o Muhammad asghar kasi

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Nabeeha ilyas s/d/o Muhammad ilyas -
Dear muhammad luqman!
The way you presented your ideas on history writing is really adorable. Your paragraphs cleared all my confusions. I m thankful.
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Izzat Ullah s/d/o Aulia Khan -
Yes Writing helps in knowing history because when ever we want to write about something or anything we first do research about that topic then after researching we gain knowledge after gaining knowledge we confirm that knowledge is that True or not then we get to know the history from where it was started . Writing helps in every field of Life. Writing nourish the mind For Example If we start writing about something we start thinking about that thing it opens our mind and keep us our mental level stable. There are two ways of gaining knowledge first is Writing 2nd is Reading. By the help of these both techniques we can gain knowledge. Nobody can write unless he/she has knowledge. If You Have Knowledge Then You Can Write. The Best Way of Approaching History is Writing For Example If We Want To Write About The Life Of Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) firstly we do research about Our Prophet Life Then farther We Do research that how did he spend his childhood how was his behavior then we start gaining information from Holy Quran Wherever It comes About Our Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) then we find some knowledge from hadees then finally we can write about The Life Of Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) so hence it is confirmed that writing helps in knowing history
In reply to Izzat Ullah s/d/o Aulia Khan

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan -
Really amazing reply ,,,, excellent work Dear Aizzat

In your point I want to add some knowledge that not only reading and writing is to approach to knowledge but also hearing and seeing are also the mediums to be aware about history... these four factors enable us to gain knowledge about the written history of generations,,,,,,,,
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Muhammad asif s/d/o Allah din -
History is trying to understand the story of our past .Study of history is very important because it can tell us how we evolved .it can tell us what decisions worked in particular situations in the past and what did not.
this can be useful when taking decisions today in similar situations .the main reason behind why we should study history is to ensure that we do not repeat the same mistakes as our forefathers when history repeats itself.
Prehistory ,things which happened before we had writing.for example , about Mohenjo daro ,there is no written history about itself history .that what kind of civilization was this? .but after discovering this we are trying to understand from their remains and bricks.
about prehistory we have no any written shape evidences to know about the emergence of any thing .but in history when something occurred the writers wrote that is safe till know .we can understand written things easily but prehistory carving and artifacts it is big tough to analyze that what was going on during that particular time ?.
history is mainly researched by historian and prehistory is researched by prehistorian archeologists and physical anthropologists.
human prehistory is the period between the use of 1st stone tools .3.3 million years ago by hominins .and the invention of writing system .the use of samble marks and images appears very early among humans .
but the earliest known writing system appeared 5,300 years ago and it took thousand of years for writing system to be widely adopted.
In Indus valley civilization and ancient Egypt were the first civilization to developed their own script and to keep historical record .
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan -
Submitting reply on this activity from behalf of (Hamed Ullah)

*HOW WRITING HELPS IN KNOWING HISTORY?*
10.1.....?

ANS......
1)Writing helps us in knowing history in many aspects, because if there was not any writing we would not be able to know just 50 years before history and knowledge.
It is the bless of writing that today we know the 2000 to 5000 years old history and civilizations.
2.) Writing is a kind of communication which is an essential element of expression.
And the historians articulated themselves through the written words provided them with the opportunity to share their knowledge in a meaningful and effective way.
3).. Writing helps and enables historians to learn how to compose ideas, organize their thoughts and arguments, support key points and share information.
In reply to Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Meraj Ud Din s/d/o Ghulam Haider -
Hamed Ullah,
I am not agree with your third point because that is not a substantial reason from past that shows "writing helps knowing history".
In reply to Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Amna Jabeen s/d/o Zaheer Ahmed -
Great Abdul sattar your reply to hamdullah is very nice and I think so he might be clear from your answer
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Ahmed Hussain Kahan kakar s/d/o Dr juma Khan kakar -



It was an amazing video about history and Prehistory. this video was so helpful for everyone to know about history and Prehistory.

HISTORY AND PREHISTORY:

History is the recorded or writtin events of the past. Where as Prehistory is the time when writing was not introduced.

Writing helps in knowing History:

The Writings of pomes; poetry; essays; drama and facts can become a history; only; if these writings are saved in original forme or get published If the writings of some one is not available in it's original forme or in published forme this can not become a part of history.

Remember, writing is a skill and like any skill is sharpened through practice.

Substantial reasons from History :

For example.

1: The writings (the poems and poetry) of ALLMA IQBAL have become a magnificent history .

2: It is the historical fact that the world war 2 has ended in 1945 with America ; England ; France and their allies as victorious and Germany; japen as losers. 




In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Tanveer Ahmed s/d/o Haji Shair Dill khan -

As it's said that History is who we are why we are and the way we are.Knowing the history writing plays a pivotal role in human's life 

For example 

1)Writing tied all the history and without it we can not record anything .

2 )writing can be transmitted from generation to another.

3)writing holds traditions and religions as well as societies ' costumes.

In reply to Tanveer Ahmed s/d/o Haji Shair Dill khan

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Meraj Ud Din s/d/o Ghulam Haider -
Tanveer Ahmad, I am not agree with your second point.
"writing can be transmitted from generation to another"
saying that is totaly wrong. Because, if the writing can transmit from generatiom to generation than why it was not tramisted before 400 BC, we have no writing munuscript from that time...
In reply to Meraj Ud Din s/d/o Ghulam Haider

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Tanveer Ahmed s/d/o Haji Shair Dill khan -

Meraj Uddin 

Go and search you will find.

In reply to Tanveer Ahmed s/d/o Haji Shair Dill khan

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Meraj Ud Din s/d/o Ghulam Haider -
Sorry Tanveer, you have to proof himself and I know that I can find it on google but here you have to answer.
In reply to Tanveer Ahmed s/d/o Haji Shair Dill khan

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan -
Well precisely explained,,, excellent work Tanveer
The points you have I am agree with you..

MERAJ ,,, TANVEER IS TOTALLY CORRECT HERE ....
BECAUSE THE WRITING AND HISTORY TRANSMITTED FROM ONE GENERATION TO ANOTHER GENERATION,,, IF IT IS NOT TRANSMITTED SO WE WOULDN'T BE TO KNOW ABOUT PAST ,,,

THINK CAREFULLY ON MY ARGUMENT
In reply to Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Meraj Ud Din s/d/o Ghulam Haider -
Sattar ok for a while let's take your response totally correct but I just want the answer why the history is not tramsmited from one generation to another before 400 BCE because we have no written work from that time.
In reply to Meraj Ud Din s/d/o Ghulam Haider

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan -
Good question Meraj ,,,
Before everything was orally,,,,

Like have much proof In English literature,,,,
In Anglo_Saxon era was enriched by literature but there a lot of works are missing just we have the names that works in literature history ,,,, at that time every was orally.....
We also have the examples in philosophy , pashto literature etc,,,
I have a good video regarding this question,, I would share with you in WhatsApp...
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Ahmed Hassan Khan Kakar s/d/o Prof Dr Juma Khan Kakar -

Knowing our own history, or the history of our culture, is important because it helps us to know who we are while molding the future. Being familiar with past events gives us the ability not only to learn from past mistakes but also from the successes. 

History 

History is the study of the past. Events occurring before the invention of writing systems are considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information 

Prehistory 

the period that begins with the appearance of the human being, about five million years ago, and finishes with the invention of writing, about 6,000 years ago.

In reply to Ahmed Hassan Khan Kakar s/d/o Prof Dr Juma Khan Kakar

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan -
Nice points regarding history . Prehistory
In prehistory points you have lil bit mixed this point (According to my weak opinion)
The human life started on earth round about 200000 years .but five million years is the age of earth when earth came into being ....
In reply to Ahmed Hassan Khan Kakar s/d/o Prof Dr Juma Khan Kakar

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Janat khan s/d/o Abdul Wahid -
Dear Hamad Hassan Khan.
I think In this topic, "prehistory" is not meant the being of human being before but it deals with the question of..
What were the sources that the people used to understand or communicate prior to the technical writing..
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Meraj Ud Din s/d/o Ghulam Haider -
Q No1: How do you think writing helps in knowing history? Give at least 2 or 3 substantial reasons from history.
Answer:

Offcourse, writing helps in knowing history because without writing about historical events we may never be able to know about the past events and our ancestors. Today we have the writing pieces that has been written in the past and by them we are now able to read and also write more about the past. So, that is how writing helps in knowing history.

For instance, the following reasons shows that writing helps us knowing history very well.

Firstly, take the example of our own religion “Islam”. If there were no means of writing than we will not be able to receive the holy teachings of Islam.
Secondly, by the means of writing today we have the vast literature of every language especially of English. On the other hand, in english literature before 450 BC there were no proper means of writing and it cause the lost of a lot of literature.
Lastly, through writing we have learned the social and cultural way of life of our ancestors. So, writing play a vital role like a communicative device that bring the ways of living of our ancestors life.

In conclusion, the above mentioned substantial reasons shows that writing always helped us in knowing history.
In reply to Meraj Ud Din s/d/o Ghulam Haider

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by syed kaleem ullah s/d/o syed niamat ullah -
mairaj you explained very well and to the point.
a good way of thinking.
i would really like if you share your learning medium
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Mir Ahmed s/d/o Abdullah -
History  and  prehistory.
The history is the memory of the past experience of Homo sapiens around the world, as that experience has been preserved, largely in written records. By "prehistory", means the recovery of knowledge of the past. Since the 20th century, the study of prehistory is considered essential to avoid history's implicit exclusion of certain civilizations
Writing
Different regions around the world adopted writing at different times and for different reasons.
Full writing-systems appear to have been invented independently at least four times in human history: first in Mesopotamia
(present-day Iraq) where cuneiform was used between 3400 and 3300 BC.
SubStanial Reasons from History
1st Reason
.

Writing in invention


Sumer, an ancient civilization of southern Mesopotamia, is believed to be the place where written language was first invented around 3100 BC
Writing was long thought to have been invented in a single civilization, a theory namedNScholars believed that all writing originated in ancient Sumer (in Mesopotamia) and spread over the world from there via a process of cultural diffusion.
Scripts of ancient Mesoamerica, far away from Middle Eastern
Mesopotamia (between 3400 and 3100 BC), Egypt (around 3250 BC), China (2000 BC)and lowland Mesoamerica (by 650 BC).

Babylonia(Writing and history linguistics )
The earliest linguistic texts – written in cuneiform on clay tablets – date almost four thousand years before the present. In the early centuries of the second millennium BCE, in southern Mesopotamia there arose a grammatical tradition that lasted more than 2,500 years.

Writing and history (Literature )
The history of literature begins with the history of writing, but literature and writing, though obviously connected, The very first writings from ancient Sumer.. The same is true of some of the early Egyptian hieroglyphics. the oldest surviving literary texts date from a full millennium after the invention of writing. The earliest literary authors known by name are Ptahhotep (who wrote in Egyptian) and Enheduanna (who wrote in Sumerian), dating to around the 24th and 23rd centuries BC, respectively.
(every one of us know the period of anglo saxon and ther literally works shows their history )

SubStanial Reasons from History
2nd Reason
Record history

Limestone Kish tablet from Sumer with pictographic writing; may be the earliest known writing, 3500 BC. Ashmolean Museum
writing appear during the start at of the pottery-phase of the Neolithic, when clay tokens were used to record specific amounts of livestock or commodities. These tokens were initially impressed on the surface of round clay envelopes and then stored in them.The tokens were then progressively replaced by flat tablets, on which signs were recorded with a stylus. Actual writing is first recorded in Uruk, at the end of the 4th millennium BC, and soon after in various parts of the Near-East.

Mesoamerica
Mesoamerican writing systems
A stone slab with 3,000-year-old writing, the Cascajal Block, was discovered in the Mexican state of Veracruz, and is an example of the oldest script in the Western Hemisphere, preceding the oldest Zapotec writing dated to about 500 BC.
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by M Furqan s/d/o Jan mohammad -
Historical writing should always be analytic, moving beyond
simple description. Critical historical analysis examines relationships and
distinctions that are not immediately obvious. Good historical writers
carefully evaluate and interpret their sources; they link causes and effects;
they assign significance to actors, ideas, and events; and they weigh
competing explanations for all of these.
Adittionally,
A primary source is a document that was created at the time of the event or subject you’ve chosen to study or by people who were observers of or participants in that event or topic.

If, for example, your topic is the experience of workers in the Chicago packinghouses during the first decades of the twentieth century, your primary sources might be:

Chicago newspapers, c. 1900-1920, in a variety of languages.
A short film, such as an actualité, made during the period that shows the yards.
Settlement house records and manuscripts.
Novels about the packing yards, such as Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906).
U.S. census records concerning neighborhood residents for 1900 and 1910.
A mechanical conveyor system, used to move carcasses from one room to another at the time and place you are researching.
Autobiographies of meat packing executives, workers, etc., published even many years later.
Maps that show the location of the packing house plants, made during the period you are studying.
Music, such as work songs or blues ballads, made or adapted during the time you are researching.
oral histories of packing house employees’ experiences, though a historian’s comments on those oral histories would be a secondary source.
The medium of the primary source can be anything, including written texts, objects, buildings, films, paintings, cartoons, etc. What makes the source a “primary” source is when it was made, not what it is.

Primary sources would not, however, include books written by historians about this topic, because books written by historians are called “secondary” sources. The same goes for historian’s introductions to and editorial comments on collections of primary documents; these materials, too, are secondary sources because they’re twice removed from the actual event or process you’re going to be writing about. So while a historian’s introduction to Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle (1906) is a secondary source, the novel itself, written in 1906, is a primary source.
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Arsalan Shahzad s/d/o Shahzad Akhtar -
I believe this is the simplest of question someone can ask how writing helps in knowing history because history means the actions of past affairs so all the events that happened in the past are recorded in books in the form of writing so similarly no one is immortal(except Allah Almighty)to live and utter these events so they comes to us in the form of writing.
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan -
Writing helps in knowing the history .
1,,, History is the mirror of past experiences through which we start thinking and reforming our current lives from past weaknesses and disorders in order to be stable and enlightened thinkers. This thinking lead us toward moderate and fruitful future .

2,, writing helps and enable us to transmit historical events , arguments and informations and way of thinking from generation to generation in written form which aims to aware masses about the past incidents , clashes, wars , revolutions and in the light of this we set the present more stable and comfortable . We act differently from the past which was led by our ignorant forefathers and their false assumptions about their daily life practices...

3,, A written history is a detective work which enable us to know about past that what actually happend ? So many helpful evidences comes through the past histories that about the mostly commonly incidents that has taken place .like many unforgettable disaster for example (Noah and his boat ) this incident has taken place even more then 6 to 7 thousand years .

4,, History helps to be acknowledged about the thousand of years data which has left behind us.

5,,History is the connectivity between the past and present civilisations . This provides experiences and helps us reforming the today's life customs and traditions. We get best out of worst from historian experiences and responses .

6,,writing has helped to know the history which has completely composed of dialects based on causes and effects , if you don't read it unless you wouldn't be able to write about the past .

7,,, writing is the language of generations weather they were ancient or modern, so if we read their composed history we came to know about their achievements and life style etc .. without writing many nations and civilisation in prehistory now they are forgotten . ...

8 ,,, The writing has helped to record  (History) the past situation , action etc which are now in form of writing.  This writing helped us to know the History. 
In reply to Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Mir Ahmed s/d/o Abdullah -
Replying behalf of Shoukat Aziz
Well mr abdul satar
But you have to mention we
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Zarjan s/d/o Umar khan -

To study history is to do history. And the only way we can do history is to examine the available records from the past and then write about them. So, doing history means writing history. To learn about the past we have two alternatives. The first is to go to the primary sources themselves. In other words, if you wanted to learn about Galileo's astronomical and philosophical arguments for the motion of the earth, you could do no better than read his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems--Ptolemaic and Copernican (1632). The second alternative and the one more likely chosen by most students at the high school or undergraduate level is to go to the secondary sources. In this instance, we have a number of works from which to choose, for example: Giorgio de Santillana, The Crime of Galileo (1955); Pietro Redondi, Galileo Heretic (1987); Stillman Drake, Galileo at Work: His Scientific Biography (1978).

Notice that this list of secondary sources pertain to Galileo in general and not specifically to his ideas on the motion of the earth. The secondary sources offer a broader appreciation of the topic. They are an example of "doing history," writing history. When students write about this secondary literature, they are entering into the discourse of history by the simple fact that they are now adding their own perspective.

This is fine, but why write history? After all, you plan to become a doctor, or a professor of economics, or a cabinetmaker or a webmaster. What good does it do you to know how to write history? Why must you do history?

  1. Writing history will help you learn history. We have already discussed the importance of becoming actively engaged in the subject of history. What better way to do so than to actually do it? In other words, writing about history means a personal involvement with history and this will necessarily produce a greater understanding of history, a good thing in itself!

  2. Writing history will force you to understand history to a much greater degree. Listening to a lecture, or viewing a film, or reading a monograph, or taking part in a class discussion is one thing. But writing about this "experience" will demonstrate your general understanding of history. As you write, you demonstrate evidence. You produce a logical argument. However, there are also times when writing allows you to express your confusion regarding a particular idea, event or thing. Writing allows to you to bring that confusion to the surface and hopefully, you'll be able to answer your own question. At the very least, you'll be able to show that something needs to be more fully explored.

  3. Writing history gives you the chance to render your opinion. Since the interpretation of history is always subjective, writing allows you to persuade the reader of your argument. For instance, many historians have interpreted the Thirty Years' War as an example of what would later be called a world war and therefore a modern war. There are other historians who disagree. They say that the Thirty Years' War is an example of a medieval war, or even the last medieval war. This is where you step in. Having read a variety of interpretations, you are now prepared to voice your own. You may agree or disagree, that much is clear. But the real issue at stake here is that now is the chance to submit your interpretation.

  4. Writing history gets you in the habit of synthesizing large quantities of material. Evidence must be gathered and prioritized. General thesis statements must be fashioned from the evidence at hand. You begin to learn about the general topic upon which you are writing as well as several topics which appear on the peripheries of your topic.

  5. Lastly, writing history will help you to better organize your thoughts, that goes without saying. The historian must exhibit some kind of logic or the analysis falls apart. Studying history, thinking history, writing history--in a word, doing history--is not easy. No, it is difficult and requires much sustained effort. Some people are not capable of that kind of sustained effort.

Take charge of your efforts to do history. Gain as much confidence as you can. Develop your own historical perspective. Remember, the study of history and the writing of history is not a passive response to the historical past. No, it is much more than that. History involves the active engagement of your life with all life. The pastness of the past is the key to the present.


In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Nabeeha ilyas s/d/o Muhammad ilyas -
Many people believe that "history is a collection of facts about the past". the history is written as though as they have collection of information.
 well what I think is that history consist of arguments about what happened in the past on the basis of a people recorded at the time.

 well writing helps in knowing history because "writing is the foremost goal of history" actually for the sake of knowing history we really need to write all about it and we can write about History only if we will study it.
 first of all if we are talking about any Historical events like World War II so firstly we will get information about it that World War 2 was the Global war that latest from 1939 to 1945 and the state of Total War emerged directly involving more than hundred million people more than 30 countries.
 after collecting this information we will write it somewhere.
 writing is really helpful for keeping history in mind and knowing it very well.
In reply to Nabeeha ilyas s/d/o Muhammad ilyas

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Mir Ahmed s/d/o Abdullah -

Miss Nabeeha Ilyas

I need arguments
But in answe i do not find any arguments
My proves are following

First
Babylonia(Writing and history linguistics )
The earliest linguistic texts – written in cuneiform on clay tablets – date almost four thousand years before the present.
Second
Sumer, an ancient civilization of southern Mesopotamia, is believed to be the place where written language was first invented around 3100 BC

Third
Limestone Kish tablet from Sumer with pictographic writing; may be the earliest known writing, 3500 BC.

What is your opinion on abov
In reply to Mir Ahmed s/d/o Abdullah

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Hikmat ullah s/d/o Sher Mohammad -
Dear nabeeha you have to give substantial reson that doesn't mean stone etc . It means enough reson .what about or from history . Otherwise it's good to get knowledge from you reply
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Shahzaib Umar s/o Muhammad Umar -
After watching this praiseworthy clip I felt an acute sense of gratitude for the provision of the constructive info that History is the all that data and records which we have in hand in whole written shape and Prehistory is the one possessing no written scripts.
History is impossible without the written words as one would lack context in which to interpret physical evidence from the ancient past. Writing records the lives of people and the so is the first necessary step in the written history of culture or civilization.
The predominant example of this problem is difficulty, scholars of the late 19th/early 20th centuries CE< had in understanding the Maya Civilization. In that they could not read the glyphs of the Maya and so wrongly interpret it much of the physical evidence. They excavated the early explorers of the Maya sights such as STEPHEUS and CATHERWOOD believe they had found evidence of an ancient Egyptian Civilization in Central America.
Through writing we can record the events of our time as well as our religious beliefs and time to create Art which was not possible from written words. 
I therefore get to have felt the grandness of writing for knowing History
In reply to Shahzaib Umar s/o Muhammad Umar

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Tanveer Ahmed s/d/o Haji Shair Dill khan -

Shazaib Ummar 

Happy to see you on LMS and to learn something from your knowledge

In reply to Tanveer Ahmed s/d/o Haji Shair Dill khan

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Shahzaib Umar s/o Muhammad Umar -
MY BELOVED BRO DEAR TANVEER AHMED.......
I really am way overwhelmed with gratitude for your heart touching Greeting
among you.
In reply to Shahzaib Umar s/o Muhammad Umar

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Muhammad asif s/d/o Allah din -
First of all I say most welcome to my brother Mr Shahzaib umar in LMS .

please enlighten that what is difference b/w Culture and Civilization?
In reply to Muhammad asif s/d/o Allah din

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Shahzaib Umar s/o Muhammad Umar -
Thank you Muhammad Asif
This is irrelevant but I'll find myself lucky to help at least one of my friends out.
Okay dear..... I'm sending you the fully detailed clip concerning Culture and Civilization... Check your whatsapp out.
In reply to Shahzaib Umar s/o Muhammad Umar

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Palwasha Khan Jogezai -
Shahzaib, you are allowed to share the sources here as well. If convenient post here too.
In reply to Palwasha Khan Jogezai

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Shahzaib Umar s/o Muhammad Umar -
SORRY MA'AM I might be erred in interpreting this out.
But tried to make my explanation succinct
"Culture" is based on anthropology. Its meaning is twofold: (1) the evolution of human behavior in general to express experiences in symbols and create related objects, (2) the different ways of expressions of experiences in different parts of the world.
"Civilization" is a bit more complex, because it can refer to a well organized complex society, or to the culture of that society, thus referring to the cultural identity. Civilizations, other than cultures, need polity to exist, i.e. a hierarchically organized community with some sorta ruling class.
In reply to Muhammad asif s/d/o Allah din

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Shahzaib Umar s/o Muhammad Umar -
Civilization is a bigger unit than culture. Culture can be a part in a civilization, and each civilization may contain many different cultures
In reply to Shahzaib Umar s/o Muhammad Umar

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan -
Beautiful explained,,,, Shazib

Good points
In reply to Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Shahzaib Umar s/o Muhammad Umar -
Dear Abdul Sattar
Thank you so much for paying heed to my ideas
In reply to Shahzaib Umar s/o Muhammad Umar

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan -
If you don't mind Dear Shahzib ,,,

Can you explain The maya civilisation (For extending our knowledge)
In reply to Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Shahzaib Umar s/o Muhammad Umar -
Of course DEAR ABDUL SATTAR, why not,,,,,,, I found Wikipedia to be more supportive and way satisfactory to alleviate this. Hope you'll give it a thorough reading.

The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya peoples, and noted for its logosyllabic script—the most sophisticated and highly developed writing system in pre-Columbian Americas—as well as for its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and astronomical system. The Maya civilization developed in an area that encompasses southeastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador. This region consists of the northern lowlands encompassing the Yucatán Peninsula, and the highlands of the Sierra Madre, running from the Mexican state of Chiapas, across southern Guatemala and onwards into El Salvador, and the southern lowlands of the Pacific littoral plain. The overarching term "Maya" is a modern collective term that refers to the peoples of the region, however, the term was not used by the indigenous populations themselves since there never was a common sense of identity or political unity among the distinct populations.[1]

The Archaic period, prior to 2000 BC, saw the first developments in agriculture and the earliest villages. The Preclassic period (c. 2000 BC to 250 AD) saw the establishment of the first complex societies in the Maya region, and the cultivation of the staple crops of the Maya diet, including maize, beans, squashes, and chili peppers. The first Maya cities developed around 750 BC, and by 500 BC these cities possessed monumental architecture, including large temples with elaborate stucco façades. Hieroglyphic writing was being used in the Maya region by the 3rd century BC. In the Late Preclassic a number of large cities developed in the Petén Basin, and the city of Kaminaljuyu rose to prominence in the Guatemalan Highlands. Beginning around 250 AD, the Classic period is largely defined as when the Maya were raising sculpted monuments with Long Count dates. This period saw the Maya civilization develop many city-states linked by a complex trade network. In the Maya Lowlands two great rivals, the cities of Tikal and Calakmul, became powerful. The Classic period also saw the intrusive intervention of the central Mexican city of Teotihuacan in Maya dynastic politics. In the 9th century, there was a widespread political collapse in the central Maya region, resulting in internecine warfare, the abandonment of cities, and a northward shift of population. The Postclassic period saw the rise of Chichen Itza in the north, and the expansion of the aggressive Kʼicheʼ kingdom in the Guatemalan Highlands. In the 16th century, the Spanish Empire colonised the Mesoamerican region, and a lengthy series of campaigns saw the fall of Nojpetén, the last Maya city, in 1697.

Classic period rule was centred on the concept of the "divine king", who acted as a mediator between mortals and the supernatural realm. Kingship was patrilineal, and power would normally pass to the eldest son. A prospective king was also expected to be a successful war leader. Maya politics was dominated by a closed system of patronage, although the exact political make-up of a kingdom varied from city-state to city-state. By the Late Classic, the aristocracy had greatly increased, resulting in the corresponding reduction in the exclusive power of the divine king. The Maya civilization developed highly sophisticated artforms, and the Maya created art using both perishable and non-perishable materials, including wood, jade, obsidian, ceramics, sculpted stone monuments, stucco, and finely painted murals.

Maya cities tended to expand haphazardly, and the city centre would be occupied by ceremonial and administrative complexes, surrounded by an irregular sprawl of residential districts. Different parts of a city would often be linked by causeways. The principal architecture of the city consisted of palaces, pyramid-temples, ceremonial ballcourts, and structures aligned for astronomical observation. The Maya elite were literate, and developed a complex system of hieroglyphic writing that was the most advanced in the pre-Columbian Americas. The Maya recorded their history and ritual knowledge in screenfold books, of which only three uncontested examples remain, the rest having been destroyed by the Spanish. There are also a great many examples of Maya text found on stelae and ceramics. The Maya developed a highly complex series of interlocking ritual calendars, and employed mathematics that included one of the earliest instances of the explicit zero in the world. As a part of their religion, the Maya practised human sacrifice.

Hope,,,,,,,you found everything clear
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Arsalan Shahzad s/d/o Shahzad Akhtar -
I want to give the example of Khalifa Haroon ur Rasheed I have read it in a book so if the historians wouldn't have written their life spam so we never knew what happened so this is the ultimate example that the world is running according to written form so we follow it.
Furthermore there is no other way to know about history except for reading the written context.
In reply to Arsalan Shahzad s/d/o Shahzad Akhtar

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Janat khan s/d/o Abdul Wahid -
Dear Arsalan...
Here you have not played a good role as a replier to elaborate the background of 'history and prehistory' and "'how writing is best knower of history""

Here you have mentioned that..
There is no another way to know about history except reading what do you mean by this??
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan -
Replying this activity on the behalf of (Attu-U-Rehman) student of English literature Dept sem1

10.1



1 ,,, writing helps to transform the incidents of generations to generations that what was their life style and daily activities.

2,,,,Writing is a witness which enable us to know the history .

3,,,, writing is the basic medium to aware us about the ancient thinking , past revolutions, civilisations and customs and development and awakes to be moderated or adop new thinking and shaping or farming new ideas and new modern world in this 21th century...
In reply to Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan -
Dear Classmates,,,

Atta has how hardly he submitted these activities, facing net issue , tech issue , and personal issues ,,,,

So he may not be able to answer or suggest peers ,,,( Thanks to All of you)

A special thanks to Ma'am who is quied kind to us and make activities very easy for all of us and those who are away living in mountain or rurla areas and having no access to net even they have work hard and submitted their works,,, this is the result of Ma'am hard struggle , honesty and well understanding toward her pupils....Thank you so much ,,, Ma'am
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Hikmat ullah s/d/o Sher Mohammad -
Writing is collection of words to save data and information about the past and present time in the form of written works.
History
Def :. History is a data saved about the past and used to differentiate present time from past time in knowing civilization , agriculture , language and wearing dresses etc .
Writing helps us to know about history .
1:. We didn't know how long the writing had being coming . Since we can only see about 5000 b.p.
The writing came from Roman empire and Catholic period . It was a period when the first oral language came . After that in church period the people start writing on the skin of goat and other animals . That was the time to save history of Roman empire and Catholic period. It was 400 b.c years ago.
Since today whatever we read and know about the past that is due to writing . The people saved thier works on the stone after Egyptians period . In this period they start writing on the paper . Today we have history of Egyptians period due to writing .
2 :. Writing helps us to know wearing dresses , civilization and agricultural about the past . Today we know how to receive the civilization of our ancestors that's due to writing . We have the data that how our ancestors were civilized . It's due to writing .
Actually we talk about history that is in real the shadow of writing . because if we had no writing . Today we will be unable to write and think about our ancestors.
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by syed kaleem ullah s/d/o syed niamat ullah -
786
The video explained very much informations .i will not repeat it again that will be irrelevant to asked questions.
HOW DO I THINK WRITING HELPS IN KNOWING HISTORY?
Writing history will force you to understand history to a much greater degree. Listening to a lecture, or viewing a film, or reading a monograph, or taking part in a class discussion is one thing. But writing about this "experience" will demonstrate your general understanding of history. As you write, you demonstrate evidence. You produce a logical argument. However, there are also times when writing allows you to express your confusion regarding a particular idea, event or thing. Writing allows to you to bring that confusion to the surface and hopefully, you'll be able to answer your own question. At the very least, you'll be able to show that something needs to be more fully explored.
Writing history gets you in the habit of synthesizing large quantities of material. Evidence must be gathered and prioritized. General thesis statements must be fashioned from the evidence at hand.
SUBSTANTIAL REASONS FROM HISTORY..
1....
writing is our main tool for history by knowing writing history we can know what is added by each generation in culture,society or in religious activities.
2...
just because of writing history is safe.
example .. jabir bin hayan who was one of the best muslim chemist.he wrot 99 book out of these 16 are about medicines.he is also known as the founder of medicines .if he didn't write his medicines experiences now we would not be that much developed in medicine field.
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Syed Maqbool Ahmed s/d/o Syed hazrat Ali -
A hyperbole is a type of figurative language. Therefore, a hyperbole is not meant to be taken literally. A hyperbole is an overstatement that exaggerates a particular condition for emphasis.

Example of Hyperbole

mujay bahot bhook lagy hay may pura dumba ka sakta hu.

This example of hyperbole exaggerates the condition of hunger to emphasize that the subject of this sentence is, in fact, very hungry.
Personification is a figure of speech  in which a thing – an idea or an animal  – is given human attributes.
#2
PERSONIFICATION..
The non-human objects are portrayed in such a way that we feel they have the ability to act like human beings. FOR EXAMPLE
1....
ASMAN KHOON K ANSU RO RAHA HAY.
we are giving the sky the ability to cry, which is a human quality. Thus, we can say that the sky has been personified in the given sentence.
2....
WAQT BHAGA CHALA JA RAHA HAY.

here running is the ability of living things but we used it with non livingthing(time)
so we can say time has been personified.
In reply to Syed Maqbool Ahmed s/d/o Syed hazrat Ali

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Meraj Ud Din s/d/o Ghulam Haider -
Syed Maqbool Ahmed Your reply is misplaced...
Please first check the video and question than reply your comment because you replyed at another video...
In reply to Syed Maqbool Ahmed s/d/o Syed hazrat Ali

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Janat khan s/d/o Abdul Wahid -
Sayed Maqbbol Ahmad...
This video is about ""History and Prehistory""
But you have pasted your reply of ""figurative speech"" that is the first video task of 10th week given by ma'am.
Now, please replace video otherwise the comments would get closed.
In reply to Syed Maqbool Ahmed s/d/o Syed hazrat Ali

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan -
Dear Syed maqbool ,

You have submitted another activity reply over here...
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Muhammad kashif s/d/o Muhammad Yaqoob -
The Prehistoric Period or when there was human life before records documented human activity. There is a only a question that in prehistory period which was the main language of communication if there was a lanaguage there should have been a written documents of events.

In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Syed Maqbool Ahmed s/d/o Syed hazrat Ali -
How writing helps in knowing history.


To study history is to do history. And the only way we can do history is to examine the available records from the past and then write about them. So, doing history means writing history. To learn about the past we have two alternatives. Writing history will help you learn history. We have already discussed the importance of becoming actively engaged in the subject of history.
writing history will help you to better organize your thoughts, that goes without saying. The historian must exhibit some kind of logic or the analysis falls apart. Studying history, thinking history, writing history--in a word, doing history--is not easy. No, it is difficult and requires much sustained effort. Some people are not capable of that kind of sustained effort.
SUBSTANTIAL REASONS.
#1.. writng history teach us about all of our ancestors because they wrote in history that's why we know about them because of knowing about them we know our own identity we are not mixed with each other.
#2 ...because of our written history our culture is maintained we kow what we have to wear what we have to play how we have to react these all because of writing history.
In reply to Syed Maqbool Ahmed s/d/o Syed hazrat Ali

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan -
Dear syed maqbool ,,, sorry for disturbing you

In second reson what do mean by playing over here ...

One thing which has confused me here (do history) can you explain this words philosophy..
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Janat khan s/d/o Abdul Wahid -
Q)
Answer:
The term prehistory literally means "before history" so, Prehistory is the occurance of events in a given culture or society prior to the existence of written records.
History means the period following the invention of written records in a particular culture or company.The main difference between history and prehistory is the existence of the writing records.History is the recorded events of past where as prehistory is the time before writing was introduced.

Writing as a best knower of history..
Writing plays a vital role in knowing about the history;it considered as a backbone leader of history.
History is impossible with the written words as one would to explain the meaning of something with physical evidences from the ancient past era.writing is both essential part of the learning process and one of the most important way that historians communicate their ideas, feeling, conclusions of one another.The histories in the world, of different fields in different times are emerged through out the writing.Writing reflects the previous ideas, events,customs, culture, ex-situations to the new era to deal with identify them to the people.
Before 3000 AD, there was no mean of writing,and it was in the form of "pictographs"it means that it was in the form of picture's ymbols.At that time,the people were faced different complexities for not being understanding the symbols rather than writing obviously.
According to the,""A ancient history ""book by Joshua j.Mark, they used to symbols to communicate with each other by picturing .
So, by the arrival the technical writing, the world become the home of knowledge and modernized.
In reply to Janat khan s/d/o Abdul Wahid

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Rasool Sayyaf s/d/o Abdul Khaliq -
Writing is the major difference between prehistory and history , prehistory had existence before writing and came to an end when the writing developed , thus the history starts .
History mainly consists of past facts and events which are in the written form is known as History .

well ,
Writing plays very tremendous role Not only in History , but in every educational field too .

1 , The historians often catch many facts related to different fields through writing , writing is one of the most beneficial ways for the historians to communicate their ideas to one another , the act of writing forces the historians to take their knowledge and other informations which is available to them on that subject and organize it all into enough presentation .

2 , When historians write the history , they make a record for the readers and they argue something in print as they must convince the reader of the validity of their argument in a clear prose .
In reply to Rasool Sayyaf s/d/o Abdul Khaliq

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan -
Completely agree with your philosophical points Dear Rasool Syaff ,,,fabulous work

1,,,writing is helpful not only for history but also other spheres of life

2,,,,writers make writing records for the readers,,,

Very beneficial points ,,,Rasool Syaff
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Izzat Ullah s/d/o Aulia Khan -
On The Behalf Of Shair Khan. His Website is Showing An Error

Writing Does Not help knowing history But It is history that makes you to write. Every Writer Has Enough Knowledge About History Of something that is why he is writing about that things For example A person is completely illiterate it does not much how much he writes it does not help him in knowing history if he has knowledge then he can Write and helps him to get to Know About more and new things Let Take The Example Of World War Everyone knows About World War I and World War II But Despite being familiar to it We can not write about it because we first have to know the history We just know the basic things not history so history is must to write about something and yes writing helps in knowing history it is just because of gaining knowledge thesis and theory
In reply to Izzat Ullah s/d/o Aulia Khan

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan -
In first line (writing doesn't help to know history)

But

In last line (Writing helps knowing history)

If you don't mind Shair Bhai can you explain
In reply to Izzat Ullah s/d/o Aulia Khan

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Palwasha Khan Jogezai -
Shair Khan has made self-contradictory statement. I recommend him reading extensively & understanding the question with different perspective.
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Rasool Sayyaf s/d/o Abdul Khaliq -
Writing is the major difference between prehistory and history , prehistory had existence before writing and came to an end when the writing developed , thus the history starts .
History mainly consists of past facts and events which are in the written form is known as History .

well ,
Writing plays very tremendous role Not only in History , but in every educational field too .

1 , The historians often catch many facts related to different fields through writing , writing is one of the most beneficial ways for the historians to communicate their ideas to one another , the act of writing forces the historians to take their knowledge and other informations which is available to them on that subject and organize it all into enough presentation .

2 , When historians write the history , they make a record for the readers and they argue something in print as they must convince the reader of the validity of their argument in a clear prose .
In reply to Rasool Sayyaf s/d/o Abdul Khaliq

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan -
Completely agree with your philosophical points Dear Rasool Syaff ,,,fabulous work

1,,,writing is helpful not only for history but also other spheres of life

2,,,,writers make writing records for the readers,,,

Very beneficial points ,,,Rasool Syaff
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Mohammad Rizwan kasi s/d/o Mohammad Asghar kasi -
Good historical writing is analytical, precise, accurate and interesting. Once they have completed their research, the best historians are able to construct a compelling narrative that makes sense of the evidence they have gathered without forcing the facts to fit into a predetermined analytical structure. The hardest part of this process is deciding what to include and what to leave out, because there is usually far too much evidence and not nearly enough space on the page (or in the book).
In reply to First post

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Nasir Ali s/d/o Roshan Ali -

Well this is my opinion i disagree with this my argument is As we all know that the modern era runs on technology for instance if we talk about current situation recently there is a drama names Ertugrul Ghazi which gained fame in months and due to which we came to know about the historical events that occurred in the past so this is also a method of conveying historical events.through the techonologies now we are able to know about history.

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Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Amna Jabeen s/d/o Zaheer Ahmed -
No doubt,writing is the most important goal of history when we try to know about history we do write all related to that history. We do collect all the information, main points, their events, their dates, their starting and ending time or centuries. We choose one specific event of history then we write about that briefly.
For example:
I am choosing cultural history for writing Cultural history. It is not simply the study of high culture or alternatively of peoples' past rituals. It is best characterised as an approach which considers the domain of representation and the struggle over meaning as the most fruitful areas for the pursuit of historical understanding. In its modern form it evolved to a certain extent out of the 'new' social, economic and women's histories of the 1960s and 1970s, which sought to understand the lives of non-elites and women, but whose use of structures of class was increasingly seen as reductionist, ignoring the assumptions and judgements actually shaping, say, women's experiences. As this approach grew in popularity from the 1980s onwards it became associated with the 'linguistic turn', as its interest in contested meanings inevitably means an interest in the language these are expressed in. Today cultural history practices are increasing applied to a wide variety of subjects, generating histories of the body or of food, for example.
So for all theses collected inforation
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Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Mir Ahmed s/d/o Abdullah -

Replying behalf of Shoukt Aziz having net problem and many more 

History

  Scholars define prehistory as events that occurred before the existence of written records in a given culture or society.

History refers to the time period after the invention of written records in a given culture or society.

 Archaeologists have discovered written records in Egypt from as early as 3200 BCE, which is the accepted date at which history "begins" there.

The scope of history

Historians currently think that anatomically modern humans have been around for between 200,000 and 300,000 of the planet’s 4.5 billion years. And even though 200,000 years is less than one 20,000th of the history of the planet, it is still a very long time!

For context, 200,000 years would represent at least 6,000 generations of your ancestors (your grandparents are only 2 generations from you). 200,000 years is also nearly 1,000 times as long a

Prehistory 

Human prehistory is the period between the use of the first stone tools c. 3.3 million years ago by hominins and the invention of writing systems. The use of symbols, marks, and images appears very early among humans, but the earliest known writing systems appeared c. 5,300 years ago and it took thousands of years for writing systems to be widely adopted. 


The Stone Age

The Stone Age is the first of the three-age system of archaeology, which divides human technological prehistory into three periods: the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. The Stone Age lasted roughly 3.4 million years, from 30,000 BCE to about 3,000 BCE, and ended with the advent of metalworking.


Neolithic

The Neolithic saw the transformation of nomad human settlements into agrarian societies in need of permanent shelter. From this period there is evidence of early pottery, as well as sculpture, architecture, and the construction of megaliths . Early rock art also first appeared in the Neolithic period.

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Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Amna Jabeen s/d/o Zaheer Ahmed -
No doubt! Writing is the most important goal for history. When we try to know about history we do collect all the information, points, their ending and starting dates, centuries and events. We do collect all the information related to that history event. Firstly for writing an history we chose one specific event and then write about that briefly.
For example
I am choosing cultural history.
" It is not simply the study of high culture or alternatively of peoples' past rituals. It is best characterised as an approach which considers the domain of representation and the struggle over meaning as the most fruitful areas for the pursuit of historical understanding. In its modern form it evolved to a certain extent out of the 'new' social, economic and women's histories of the 1960s and 1970s, which sought to understand the lives of non-elites and women, but whose use of structures of class was increasingly seen as reductionist, ignoring the assumptions and judgements actually shaping, say, women's experiences. As this approach grew in popularity from the 1980s onwards it became associated with the 'linguistic turn', as its interest in contested meanings inevitably means an interest in the language these are expressed in. Today cultural history practices are increasing applied to a wide variety of subjects, generating histories of the body or of food"
I collected all the information about cultural history and then I have written the history. 
In reply to Amna Jabeen s/d/o Zaheer Ahmed

Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Mir Ahmed s/d/o Abdullah -
Replying behalf of Shoukat Aziz.
Miss Amna jabeen
You are right
On clutrual i am agree with you
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Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Saif Ud Din s/d/o Mehrab Ud Din -
The following few points are my reflections that how writing helps in knowing the history of writing.

The below three are the substantial reasons.

(1)Writing is an essential part of learning process and one of the most ways that historians communicate their ideas and conclusions to one another.

(2)When we give speech to the public, writing prevents us from speaking errors to the listeners .

(3)Writing also helps us to preserve our ideas to the future generation.

*Prehistory and history of writing.


PREHISTORY OF WRITING:
The invention of writing systems began 3.3 million years ago. The period between the use of first stone tools by hominins called human prehistory. The use of symbols, Marks, and images appeared very early among the humans, but the writing system appeared 5300 century years ago. It took thousands of years for writing systems to be widely adopted. Writing system was not developed until the 19th century. The end of prehistory therefore came at very different dates in different places. For e.g ; 1788 is usually taken as the end of the prehistory of Australia and in 3200 BCE in Egypt.

The first three civilizations who developed their own script and kept their historical records were SUMER in MESOPOTAMIA, the INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION and ANCIENT EGYPT. This civilization took place during the STONE AGE. Along with Stone age there were also two more ages of Bronze and Iron ages. There are no written records from human prehistory. Therefore, dating of prehistoric materials was very crucial. Clear techniques for dating materials were not well developed until 19th century.


* HISTORY OF WRITING:

Writing is the physical manifestation of a spoken language. It is thought that human beings developed language (35,000 BCE) as evidenced by cave paintings from the Period of the Cro-Magnon Man (C. 50,000-30,000 BCE) which appear to Express concepts concerning daily life of the people. These images suggest a language because, they seem to tell us a story.for example, a hunting man, cave paintings, etc .

Written language , however, does not emerge until its invention in Sumer , southern Masopotamia , (C 3500-3000 BCE.) This early writing was called cuneiform . The writing system of Egyptian was already in use before the rise of the early dynastic period (3150 BCE) and it is thought to have developed from Mesopotamian cuneiform and came to be known as hieroglyphics.

The most widespread group of languages today is the Indo-European, spoken by half the world's population. This entire group, ranging from hindi and persian to Noruueghian and English, is believed to descend from the language of a tribe of Nomads roaming the plains of Eastern Europe and western Asia as recently about 3000 BC . However we can say that language has been the best means of communication in the human life and there has been no end for the development of the language.
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Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Siyala Khan s/d/o Saadullah -
Well we can define writing as the symbolic representation of language through the use of graphic signs. Unlike speech, it is a system that is not simply acquired, but has to be learned through sustained concious effort. In terms of human development, writing is a relatively recent phenomenon. We may be able to trace human attempts to represent information visually back to cave drawings made at least 20,000 years ago, or to clay tokens from about 10,000 years ago , which appear to have been an early attempt at bookkeeping. The earliest writing for which we have clear evidence is known as "cuneiform, " marked on clay tables about 5,000 years ago.without a doub, the most important invention in human history is writing. It provides a relatively permanent record of information, opinions, beliefs, feelings, arguments, explanations, theories, etc. Writing allow us to share our communication not only with our contemporaries, but also with future generations. It permits people from the near and far distant past to speak to us. Writing is often taught in such a way that students failures , rather than success are focused on.
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Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Abdul sattar s/d/o Rafiullah khan -
Replying This activity on the behalf of (Khadija) d/o (Adam Haider). Student of English literature Dept sem1.

Substantial reasons .
1,, Writing is the main discourse of a nation and age , by reading it we can know the the whole background and history of that nation or Age .

2,,,,, Writings convey the history and learnings from one generation to another generations . So if the writing didn't exist so we would not able to the past learnings and civilisations today ....
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Re: 10.1 History and Prehistory

by Abdul Tahir s/d/o Abdul Razzaque -
History start from where? Of course from where writing starts with out writing we don't know anything about past. Knowing about the society culture and the way of thinking history and writing. Means if we take the example of Anglo-Saxon Period (450-1066) so we know how they write poetry how they celebrities the events. Especially knowing the mind set of humans beings. What kind of poetry they do. But if we look at the dark ages or at modern English period so we can differentiate between writing of two ages and you can see how the mind set of human beings slowly and gradually develops as the time passes.